Psychologists

humanistic

Carlitos Rogers

American clinical psychologist (1902-1987) who founded client-centered therapy and rebuilt the helpi

Abraham Maslow

American psychologist (1908-1970). Father of humanistic psychology — the "third force" after psychoa

cognitive

Howard Gardner

American developmental psychologist (born 1943), Harvard professor and long-time Project Zero direct

Daniel Kahneman

Israeli-American psychologist (1934-2024). With Amos Tversky founded the heuristics-and-biases progr

positive

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Hungarian-American psychologist (1934-2021) who named flow, the state of deep absorption. With Selig

existential

Viktor Frankl

Austrian psychiatrist (1905-1997). Founder of logotherapy, the Third Viennese School, who turned thr

behaviorism

Edward Thorndike

American psychologist (1874-1949). Puzzle-box experiments made animal learning measurable; his law o

Ivan Pavlov

Russian and Soviet physiologist (1849-1936). He won the 1904 Nobel Prize for digestive physiology, a

B. F. Skinner

American behaviorist (1904-1990), founder of behavior analysis. He formulated operant conditioning a

developmental

Lev Vygotsky

Belarusian-born Soviet psychologist (1896-1934) sometimes called the Mozart of psychology. In barely

Lawrence Kohlberg

American psychologist (1927-1987) who extended Piaget to moral judgment, proposing six stages from p

Erik Erikson

German-American psychologist (1902-1994) who coined identity crisis and mapped life as eight psychos

Jean Piaget

Swiss developmental psychologist (1896-1980). A malacologist who turned to cognition while scoring B

experimental

Hermann Ebbinghaus

German psychologist (1850-1909) who turned memory into laboratory science. Using himself as sole sub

Hermann von Helmholtz

German physiologist-physicist (1821-1894). His 1847 paper formalised energy conservation; in 1849 he

Francis Galton

British statistician (1822-1911). Darwin's cousin, he founded individual-differences psychology, inv

Wilhelm Wundt

German physiologist (1832-1920). Founded the first psychology lab at Leipzig in 1879, marking psycho

psychoanalysis

Jean-Martin Charcot

French neurologist (1825-1893) who turned the vast Salpetriere asylum in Paris into Europe's first n

Jacques Lacan

French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (1901-1981) who reread Freud through structural linguistics an

Anna Freud

Austrian-British psychoanalyst (1895-1982), the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud, who became a co-

Erich Fromm

German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst and humanistic philosopher (1900-1980) who bridge

Melanie Klein

Austrian-British psychoanalyst (1882-1960) and a primary pioneer of child analysis. Born to a Jewish

Karen Horney

German-American psychoanalyst and psychiatrist (1885-1952). A founder of the neo-Freudian Cultural S

Sigmund Freud

Austrian founder of psychoanalysis (1856-1939). Devised free association and dream interpretation, t

Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist (1875-1961), founder of analytical psychology. Coined the collective unconscious,

Alfred Adler

Austrian psychiatrist (1870-1937), founder of Individual Psychology. An early Wednesday Society memb

social

Albert Bandura

Canadian-American psychologist (1925-2021) who taught at Stanford for over half a century and founde

Stanley Milgram

American social psychologist (1933-1984) who, prompted by the Holocaust and the Eichmann trial, cond

Solomon Asch

Polish-American Gestalt social psychologist (1907-1996). His 1951 conformity studies showed that ove

Philip Zimbardo

American social psychologist (1933-2024) best known for the 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment, a study