Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.

Woodrow Wilson

Politicians

Woodrow Wilson

28th U.S. president (1856-1924) and the only U.S. president to hold an earned Ph.D. As Princeton professor turned New Jersey governor turned commander-in-chief, he authored the Federal Reserve Act, the modern federal income tax, and a sweeping antitrust regime in his first term, then took the United States into World War I in 1917. He issued the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations proposal — winning the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize — yet also re-segregated the federal civil service, prosecuted dissenters under the 1917 Espionage Act and 1918 Sedition Act, and after a stroke in October 1919 was effectively replaced by his wife Edith running the executive branch from behind a screen.

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