The disciplined mind has mastered at least one way of thinking - a distinctive mode of cognition that characterizes a specific scholarly discipline, craft, or profession.

Howard Gardner

Psychologists

Howard Gardner

American developmental psychologist (born 1943), Harvard professor and long-time Project Zero director, best known for the theory of multiple intelligences (MI) introduced in his 1983 book Frames of Mind. MI proposes that human cognition is composed of relatively independent intelligences - linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic - and has reshaped classroom practice across the United States and abroad. Psychometricians who defend the g factor have continued to criticise the theory for limited factor-analytic evidence. In 2024 he remained the most cited educational scholar in the United States, having pivoted in later decades to ethics-at-work research and the Good Project alongside Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.

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